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<title>Programming by example</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Programming by example</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <b>programming by example</b> (<b>PbE</b>), also termed <b><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming</a> by demonstration</b> or more generally as <b>demonstrational programming</b>, is an <a href="End-user_development" title="End-user development">end-user development</a> technique for <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">teaching a computer new behavior</a> by demonstrating actions on concrete examples.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system records user actions and infers a generalized <a href="Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a> that can be used on new examples.

</p><p>PbE is intended to be easier to do than traditional <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, which generally requires learning and using a <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>. Many PbE systems have been developed as research <a href="Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a>, but few have found widespread real-world application. More recently, PbE has proved to be a useful paradigm for creating scientific work-flows. PbE is used in two independent clients for the <a href="BioMOBY" title="BioMOBY">BioMOBY</a> protocol: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/208/abstract">Seahawk</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scfbm.org/content/1/1/4">Gbrowse moby</a>.

</p><p>Also the <a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">programming by demonstration</a> (PbD) term has been mostly adopted by robotics <a href="Research" title="Research">researchers</a> for <a href="Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</a> new behaviors to the <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> through a physical demonstration of the task. The usual distinction in the literature between these terms is that in PbE the user gives a prototypical product of the <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> execution, such as <a href="Query_by_Example" title="Query by Example">a row in the desired results of a query</a>; while in PbD the user performs a sequence of actions that the computer must repeat, generalizing it to be used in different <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a> sets. For final users, to automate a <a href="Workflow" title="Workflow">workflow</a> in a <a href="Complex_logarithm" title="Complex logarithm">complex</a> tool (e.g. <a href="Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Photoshop</a>), the most simple case of PbD is the <a href="Macro_recorder" title="Macro recorder">macro recorder</a>.

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<ul><li><a href="Query_by_Example" title="Query by Example">Query by Example</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_machine_learning" title="Automated machine learning">Automated machine learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based machine translation</a></li>

<li><a href="Inductive_programming" title="Inductive programming">Inductive programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Lapis_(text_editor)" title="Lapis (text editor)">Lapis (text editor)</a>, which allows <a href="Simultaneous_editing" title="Simultaneous editing">simultaneous editing</a> of similar items in <a href="Multiple_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple selection">multiple selections</a> created by example</li>

<li><a href="Programming_by_demonstration" title="Programming by demonstration">Programming by demonstration</a></li>

<li><a href="Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">Test-driven development</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/publication/machine-learning-framework-programming-example/">A Machine Learning Framework for Programming by Example - Microsoft</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/PBE/">Henry Lieberman's page on Programming by Example</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acypher.com/wwid/">Online copy of <u>Watch What I Do</u>, Allen Cypher's book on Programming by Demonstration</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.media.mit.edu/~lieber/Your-Wish/">Online copy of <u>Your Wish is My Command</u>, Henry Lieberman's sequel to <u>Watch What I Do</u></a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsmforum.org/events/DSVL01/carlson.pdf"><u>A Visual Language for Data Mapping</u>, John Carlson's description of an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that used Programming by Example (desktop objects) for data mapping, and an iconic language for recording operations</a></li></ul>

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